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Defending Substitution: An Essay on Atonement in Paul is unavailable, but you can change that!

In recent decades, the church and academy have witnessed intense debates concerning the concept of penal substitution to describe Christ’s atoning sacrifice. A number of theologians, New Testament scholars, and authors of popular Christian literature have taken issue with the concept, claiming that it promotes bloody violence, glorifies suffering and death, and inevitably amounts to divine child...

Leviticus, especially the prescriptions in chapters 4–5 and for the Day of Atonement in chapter 16, as the key to understanding both the Old Testament theology of atonement and Paul’s statements about the death of Christ. The architect of this approach to atonement is the former Tübingen professor of Old Testament Hartmut Gese. For Gese and his school, atonement takes place not through substitution but through a special kind of identification.4 There is a specific plight that is being addressed in
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